West Nile Virus
西尼罗河病毒常见于非洲、西亚和中东. It is closely related to St. 路易斯脑炎病毒,在美国也有发现. It is not known how long WNV has been in the U.S., 但美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)的科学家们认为,这种病毒可能已经出现在美国东部.S. since the summer of 1999, possibly longer.
这种病毒可以感染人类、鸟类、蚊子、马和其他一些哺乳动物. 大多数北美人都容易感染这种病毒,尽管少数人可能有免疫力. 值得注意的是,大多数通过蚊虫叮咬接触西尼罗河病毒的人不会出现任何症状 symptoms or if they do, only develop mild viral symptoms.
因为西尼罗河病毒的传播与蚊子密切相关, 它被认为是一种季节性流行病,在夏季爆发并持续到秋季.
Prevention
预防是保护自己和家人免受西尼罗河病毒感染的最好方法. 根据美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)的数据,, 抵抗蚊虫叮咬是降低感染西尼罗河病毒风险的关键,有许多方法可以降低风险:
- Avoid bites
- Clean out the mosquitoes from the places where you work and play
- Help your community control the disease
Below are more tips for reducing your exposure to mosquitoes.
Avoid Bites
- Apply insect repellent containing DEET
- Cover up with clothes to help reduce mosquito bites, particularly ankles and wrists and the back of the neck
- 减少蚊子在户外活动的时间,尤其是在黎明和黄昏
Mosquito-Proof Your Home
- Drain standing water, where mosquitoes like to breed. 蚊子在有积水的地方孳生,例如水坑、沟渠和容器. 少量的水可以在一周内孵化出数千只蚊子.
- 确保门窗有严密的纱窗,没有裂缝和洞
Help Reduce the Risk in Your Community
- Report dead birds – especially crows, ravens, magpies or jays – to local authorities for pick-up and testing. Do NOT pick up a dead bird with your bare hands.
- Work with local mosquito control programs
- Look for and remove standing water in your neighborhood
San Francisco Efforts
旧金山公共卫生部门已经通知并动员了公共工程部等团体, Caltrans, the National Park Service, the zoo and all campuses, including UCSF, to look for the presence of West Nile virus. 这些组织正在努力建立和实施蚊子检查, prevention and abatement program.
Mosquito Abatement Program at UCSF
加州大学旧金山分校环境健康与安全和设施管理办公室实施了蚊子监测, 预防和减少项目,以保护UCSF医疗中心和校园社区. 该计划包括定期检查死水和可能的蚊子滋生地,清理死水,并在需要时提供虫害防治服务.
Transmission
西尼罗河病毒很少在人与人之间传播,而是通过以下途径传播:
- Infected Mosquitoes Generally, WNV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. 乌鸦、松鸦、渡鸦和喜鹊特别容易感染西尼罗河病毒. Horses also are susceptible. 这种病毒生活在蚊子体内,当蚊子叮咬人或动物时,病毒通过蚊子的唾液传播给新的宿主. 5月至10月是蚊子最多的时候,这种病毒最流行.
- Transfusions, Transplants and Mother-to-Child In a very small number of cases, 西尼罗河病毒也通过输血和器官移植传播, 以及通过母乳喂养和怀孕期间从母亲传染给婴儿.
人与人之间的传播不会通过呼吸或接触发生, kissing or sexual contact.
Symptoms
大约80%感染西尼罗病毒的人根本不会出现任何症状.
Approximately 20 percent of those infected will develop West Nile fever, symptoms of which can include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Body aches
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach and back also accompany the fever.
About one in 150 people infected with WNV will develop severe illness. The severe symptoms can include:
- High fever
- Headache
- Neck stiffness
- Stupor or coma
- Disorientation
- Tremors or convulsions
- Muscle weakness
- Vision loss
- Numbness and paralysis
这些症状可能持续数周,对神经系统的影响可能是永久性的.
Diagnosis
If you develop symptoms of severe West Nile virus illness, such as severe headaches or confusion, seek medical attention immediately.
To make a diagnosis of WNV, 你的十大赌博平台排行榜会询问你的病史并评估你接触病毒的风险. 居住在或曾到过已发现西尼罗河病毒活动地区的人面临更高的风险. In addition, 50岁或以上的人患严重感染病毒的风险最高. 如果你被确定为高危人群并且有西尼罗河病毒的症状, 你的十大赌博平台排行榜可能会抽血来做出明确的诊断.
最常用的实验室检测方法是检测感染者体内早期产生的抗体, called IgM antibodies, that can be measured in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. 该检测在症状首次出现时可能不呈阳性,但在大多数感染者出现症状后8天内呈阳性.
Severe WNV illness usually requires hospitalization. 鼓励孕妇和哺乳期母亲在出现可能是西尼罗河病毒的症状时与十大赌博平台排行榜交谈.
西尼罗河病毒的潜伏期据信为3至14天. Symptoms generally last three to six days.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for West Nile virus. 在较轻的情况下,人们会出现发烧和疼痛等症状,这些症状会自行消失. In more severe cases, 人们通常需要去十大赌博平台排行榜接受支持性治疗,包括静脉输液, help with breathing and nursing care.
大约150例感染中就有1例会导致严重的神经系统疾病, including encephalitis and meningitis. 发生严重神经系统疾病的最重要危险因素是高龄.
Other Resources
有关西尼罗病毒的更多信息,以及如何降低感染风险 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Source: 这一信息改编自疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的网站: www.cdc.gov.
UCSF Health medical specialists have reviewed this information. 它仅用于教育目的,并不打算取代您的十大赌博平台排行榜或其他医疗保健提供者的建议. 我们鼓励您与您的供应商讨论您可能遇到的任何问题或疑虑.